第一篇 詞法
一、 名詞
(一) 知識概要
名詞的概念在不同的語法教課書中有不同的解釋和分類方法，但就實際應用來講還是不要過分地追求其理論概念，而更多的要把注意力放在其應用上來。我們不妨把 它分為兩大類：專有名詞與普通名詞。顧名思義，專有名詞是指：個人、事物、機關等所專有的名稱，如，the Great Wall, America…它們是不能隨意變動的。而普通名詞中則包括個體名詞，如pen, worker…它表示單一的個體人或事物;集體名詞，如：family,class, team,它表示的是由若干個個體組成的集合體;物質名詞，如：water,paper…它表示的是一種物質，原材料;而后一種是抽象名詞， 如：work, time…它表示著一種在實際生活中看不見、摸不到，但卻與實際生活緊密相關的某些動作、狀態、品質的抽象概念。見下表。
名詞一覽表
種類
專有名詞
London, John, the Communist Party of China
普 通 名 詞 類名詞 nurse, boy, worker, pencil, dog, table
集體名詞 class, family, army, police, team, people
物質名詞 water, steel, glass, cotton, wood, sand
抽象名詞 happiness, love, work, life, courage, honest
功用
主語 My family is now in New York.
表語 His father is a scientist.
賓語 We love our great motherland.
賓語補足語 He made London the base for his work.
定語 The girls are making paper flowesrs.
狀語 The car cost him 1000 dollars.
同位語 Mr Brown, a famous scientist, will come here.
名詞在使用中的難點在于名詞的數，即可數名詞與不可數名詞的實際應用。不可數名詞不能用數字計算，所以它通常只有單數形式。它包含有專有名詞、物質名詞、 抽象名詞等，如：English,air,water,cotton,work…可數名詞是可以用數量加以計算的名詞，所以它具有單數形式和復數形式兩 種。可數名詞復數形式的構成規律是：
1. 一般情況加s,如：pen-pens, doctor-doctors,boy-boys,其讀音規則是在清輔音后讀[s],在元音和濁輔音后讀[z].如：map-map , boy-boys.
2. 在以s,sh,ch,x結尾的名詞后面加es,如：bus-buses,class-classes,其讀音為[iz].
3. 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge結尾的名詞加s,其讀音為[iz].
4. 以輔音字母加y結尾的名詞，要將y變為i再加es,讀作[z],如：factory-factories,country-countries, family-families.但要注意的是以元音字母加y結尾的名詞的復數形式只加s,如：boy-boys,day-days.
5. 以o結尾的名詞的復數形式一般要加es,但如果o前面是元音字母或外來詞，縮寫詞以o結尾的則只加s,如：tomato-tomatoes,hero-heroes;photo-photos,radio-radios,piano-pianos
6. 以f或fe結尾的名詞的復數形式要將f或fe變為v再加es,如：knife-knives, leaf-leaves, 但有些例外的詞如roof的復數形式是roofs.
7. 不規則名詞的復數形式是要單個記憶的，它沒有規律可循，如：man-men,woman-women, child-children, foot-feet,tooth-teeth, mouse-mice
8. 單復同形的名詞有：fish, sheep,deer…
9. 單數形式但其意為復數的名詞有：people,police等。 名詞還有格的變化，其主格可作主語，賓格可作賓語。還有所有格，用來表示人或物的所有， 以及領屬關系。表示有生命的名詞的所有格其單數形式是加's其復數形式是s',如其結尾不是s的復數形式仍加's,如：a student's room, students' rooms, Children's Day.在表示時間、距離、世界、國家……名詞的所有格要用's,如：a twenty minutes' walk.但無生命名詞的所有格則必須用of結構，如：the capital of our country, the colour of the flowers
(二) 正誤辨析
[誤]Please give me a paper.
[正]Please give me a piece of paper.
[析]不要認為可以數的名詞就是可數名詞，這種原因是對英語中可數與不可數名詞的概念與中文中的能數與不能數相混淆了，所以造成了這樣的錯誤，因 paper在英語中是屬于物質名詞一類，是不可數名詞。而不可數名詞要表達數量時，要用與之相關的量詞來表達，如：two pieces of paper.
[誤]Please give me two letter papers.
[正]Please give me two pieces of letter paper.
[析]paper作為紙講是不可數名詞，而作為報紙、考卷、文章講時則是可數名詞，如：Each student should write a paper on what he has learnt.
[誤]My glasses is broken.
[正]My glasses are broken.
[誤]I want to buy two shoes.
[正]I want to buy two pairs of shoes.
[析]英語中glasses-眼鏡，shoes-鞋，trousers-褲子等由兩部分組成的名詞一般要用復數形式。如果要表示一副眼鏡應用a pair of glasses而這時的謂語動詞應與量詞相一致。如：This pair of glasses is very good.
[誤]May I borrow two radioes?
[正]May I borrow two radios?
[析]以o結尾的名詞大都是用加es來表示其復數形式，但如果o前面是一個元音字母或外來語時則只加s就可以了。這樣的詞有zoo-zoos,piano-pianos.
[誤]This is a Mary's dictionary.
[正]This is Mary's dictionary.
[析]如名詞前有指示代詞this, that, these those,及其他修飾詞our,some, every, which, 或所有格時，則不要再加冠詞。
[誤]There are much people in the garden.
[正]There are many people in the garden.
[析]可數名詞前應用many, few, a few, a lot of 來修飾，而people是可數名詞，而且是復數名詞，如：The people are planting trees here.
[誤]I want a few water.
[正]I want a little water.
[析]不可數名詞前可以用a little, little, a lot of, some來修飾，但不可用many,few來修飾。
[誤]Thank you very much. Your family is very kind to me.
[正]Thank you very much. Your family are very kind to me.
[誤]Tom's and Mary's family are waiting for us.
[正]Tom's and Mary's families are waiting for us.
[誤]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's families are waiting for me.
[正]I'm sorry. I have to go. Tom's family are waiting for me.
[析]集合名詞如果指某個集合的整體，則應視為單數，如指某個集合體中的個體則應視為復數。如：My family is a big family. When I came in, Tom's family were watching TV. 即湯姆一家人正在看電視。這樣的集合名詞有：family class, team等。
[誤]Don't eat too much meats.
[正]Don't eat too much meat.
[誤]Food in that restaurant is very good.
[正]The food in that restaurant is very good.
[析]物質名詞是不可數名詞，在使用中不可以加s,即它沒有復數形式。也不可加不定冠詞。但如果用于特指某一物質時可以加定冠詞。如：I don't like drinking coffee, but the coffee in that cup is really good.
[誤]Please give me two waters.
[正]Please give me two glasses of water.
[正]Please give me two coffees.
[析]物質名詞如要加計量時，一定要加量詞， 如：two cups of tea,two glasses of water,a glass of milk,a loaf of bread,
a piece of bread,a box of sugar,
a bowl of rice,a bottle of orange,
a bag of earth
例： I'll tell you a piece of good news.
但只有coffee可以用coffees來取代many cups of coffee.
[誤]Can you give me the newspaper of today?
[正]Can you give me today's newspaper?
[析]加's構成所有格的名詞一般應指有生命的人或物。如：Mary's hair,但在英文的習慣用法中對時間、距離等名詞的所有格多用's來構成而不用of結構。如：a five minutes' walk.
[誤]Please make a room for the lady in the school bus.
[正]Please make room for the lady in the school bus.
[析]英語中更多的名詞是含有多種用法和多種含意的，